We conclude that investments are needed to develop viable crop types in consideration of the complexity of West African farming systems and the local needs of women farmers and pastoralists. Pastoralists stand to benefit from improved pastures in the dry season. Perennial grains may improve soil quality, reduce labour early in the rainy season, and provision more resources from fallow lands. We argue that perennial grains may increase access to land and natural resources for women farmers. Women farmers were concerned about livestock, water access, and resource limitations. Advantages include reduced labour, saving seed, and improving food security. Women interviewees identified a broad set of potential advantages and challenges to perennial grain production. We found that perennial grains offer a vision for transforming human relations with nature that mirrors the resource sharing of customary land tenure, including patterns of extensive and intensive land use in time and space. We interviewed 72 farmers across the sorghum-growing region of Mali. Luckily, Inkscape will take command line arguments (called verbs). We study the future possibility of integrating perennial grains into Malian farming systems from the perspective of agroecology, and more specifically using a gendered space approach. Within Inkscape (the vector image editor for Linux) its possible to crop the margins by going to: File > Document Properties > Resize Page To Content > Resize page to Drawing or Selection Thats a pain in the arse for adjusting 52 images. Perennial grain crops may play an important role in environmentally sound and socially just food systems for Africa.
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